Aviation training machine



- Filed Sept. 15, 1950 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 ,7 r A TTORNEY Dec. 8,. 1936. I CUSTER 2,063,231

AVIATION TRAINING MACHINE Filed Sept. 15, 1930 5 Sheefs-Sheet 2 11v VENTOR.

4 TTORNE Y.

Dec. 8,1936. L. CUSTER AVIATION TRAINING MACHINE Filed Sept. 15, 1930 5 sheets sh'et 3 INVENTOR A TTORIVEY umnwuq Dec. 8, 1936.

L; L. CUSTER AVIATION TRAINING MACHINE Fil-ed Sept. 15, 1930 5 Sheets-Shet 4 INVENTOR -f JMLVM ATTORNEY 8, 1936. L. L. CUSTER AVIATION TRAINING MACHINE 5 Sheets-Sheei 5 Filed Sept. 15, 1930 m VLNTOR ATTORNEY Patented Dec. 8, 1936 umrso STATES PATENT orrica Levitt L. Custer, Dayton, Ohio Application September 15, 1930, Serial No. 481,831

33 Claims.

This invention relates to apparatus for use in connection with aviation training, and has for its object to provide a body member in the shape of a fuselage of an airplane, supported in such a manner that it may be elevated and tilted up and down, or caused to rock from one side to the other.

It is particularly the object of this invention to provide, in connection with the body member, a hand-operated lever located adjacent a seat, by which the diflerent movements of the body are controlled.

It is also an object of this invention to provide, in connection with an apparatus of this kind, air pressure means for performing the difierent movements, and an air valve for controlling the direction of the air pressure.

It is a further object of this invention to provide, in connection with the elevating means, means for operating a climb valve. When this valve is operated air pressure is discharged from the supporting cylinder for lowering the body of the apparatus as a whole when the tilt fore and aft is too great and is at a dangerous flying angle.

It is a further object of this invention to pro-' vide, in connection with an apparatus of this kind, a single valve for the initial control of the air pressure. I This valve has two positions, in one of which the body of the apparatus is brought into a horizontal resting position. In the other position of this valve the direction of the air pressure is such that the body as a whole is raised and by the operation of the hand lever the different movements of the body may be effected.

It is a further object of this invention to provide with the body an air-operated motor, operated from a rudder and rudder control valve for rotating the body on its support.

These and other advantages will appear from the description taken in connection with the drawings.

Referring to the drawings:

Figure 1 is a side elevation of the apparatus as a. whole, showing the body partly in section and the supporting standard partly broken away.

Figure 2 is a top plan view.

Figure 3 is a diagrammatic view showing the air pressure tank, the various valves and cylinders and the air pressure lines running-from the valves to the cylinders in neutral, inoperative position.

Figure 4 is a longitudinal section through the climb cylinder.

Figure 5 is a longitudinal section through the elevating cylinder, and the bank cylinder.

Figure 6 is a longitudinal section through the elevating cylinder.

Figure 7 is a bottom plan view of the engine or motor with the cylinders in section.

Figure 8 is a side elevation of the engine upside down.

Figure 9 is a section on the line 9-8 of Fi ure 4.

Figure 10 is a section on the line Ill-I of Figure Figure 11 is a view showing the universal joint between the body and supporting plate.

In Figure 1 there is'shown the general formation of this apparatus. A support I is provided in the form of a circular base member, which has an upper base member or head 2 connected to the lower base member I by means of legs 3. These members constitute the framepart of the support for the body of the apparatus. This frame part may be stationary or may be carried on some .moving member.

Resting upon the lower base thereof is a cylinder 4 which extends up through the head 2 and is supported thereby. Within theupper end of the cylinder 4 is a sleeve fastened to the cylinder and the head member 2 by means of screws 6. In the bottom of the cylinder 4 is a member I fastened thereto by means of screws 8. In the lower end of the cylinder, passing through the bottom I, is an air inlet 9 which leads from a suitable tank and opens into the inside part of the cylinder directly into a cavity I0 formed on the upper side of the bottom of the cylinder. Within this cavity III is a smaller cylinder II. This cylinder is attached to the bottom I by some suitable means so that it forms an integral part of the cylinder structure, of which 4 is a part.

0n the upper end of the cylinder I I, within the cylinder, is a cufi or ring member I2 fastened thereto by means of screws I3. Within the cylinder 4 and engaging the sleeve 5 is a cylindrical piston I I, which has a head I5 attached in the upper end thereof by means of screws I6. In the upper surface of the head I5 is an annular groove I5a. In the lower end of the cylindrical piston is an annular member H which fits between the walls of the cylindrical piston I 4 and the cylinder II, and is fastened to the cylindrical piston I4 by means of screws I9. Surrounding the lower end of the cylindrical piston and between the piston and the lower end of the cylinder l is a sleeve I8, held in position by means of the screws I9.

In order that there might be a close flt between the cylindrical piston and thewalls of the cylinat the central part '2 der 4 and thecylinder u, packing so is provided.

There is also provided in the cylinder. il a piston member 2], which has on the lower end thereof 3 ends in a, screw threaded. passageway for a holpacking 22 so as to makean alrtight'flt between the piston and the walls of the cylinder. In the upper end of this piston 2| is a cavity 23 which low plug. The opening through'the plug 24 4 connects with the cavity lland the passageway 3 for the admission of air into the cylinders here described.

Threaded into the cavity 23 is the lower end of a tube 23, which extends upwardly through the cylinder ii and into a cavity 23 in the head i3,

and has its end 21 threaded therein. Extending Located within the cylinder I I and resting upon the piston member 2| is a coil shock-absorbing I so spring 33. When the head I3 is forced upwardly by means of the admission of air in the lower part of the cylinder, the pistons all move upwardly and as they reach the upward limit of their movement the spring 33 will engage the ring or ,cufl I2 and limit. the upward movement, and have a shock absorbing effect. In the downward movement of the head and the pistons connected thereto springs 3| re provided for absorbing the shock when these rts reach the lower limit of their movement. This spring is located in a cavity in the bottom I of the cylinder 4.

The parts herebefore described are stationary with regard to each other except for the vertical movements byreason of spline |4a on piston l4 fitting in slot 5a in sleeve 3. Located on top of the head I3 is a cap'member 32 which has a tongue 32a fitting inthe groove |3a.- In this cap member'is the heretofore described pipe 23, which connects with the passageway 23. There is also provided in this cap member a cavity 33, which connects with a pipe 34 leading to the automatic climb valve. There is also leading from the cavity 33 a pipe -33, which extends down through the head i3, through the cylinder 4, down through the annular member I! so that air may pass from the pipe 34 into the cylinder beneath the pistons, whereby the head l3 and the parts supported thereby are elevated or raised. It is for this reason that the cylinder 4 is called the climb cylinder, and air is admitted thereto through the normally open climb valve which is located on the elevating piston and is automatically operated by the operation of the elevating piston.

0n the lower edge of the head i3 is a gear 33 for turning or rotating the body of the apparatus. Surrounding the head l3 above the gear 33 is a bearing ring 31, which cooperates with a later described bearing ring in the rotation of the body 33 of the apparatus. This body is supported upon the climb cylinder by means of a supporting plate 39, which has downwardly extending therefrom a bracket or brackets 40. The brackets 43 have on the lower ends thereof a bearing ring 4|, which cooperates with the bearing 31 to form a runway for balls 42. It is by means of these bearing rings and balls that the body iseasily rotated upon the upper end of the climb cylinder. There. extends rearwardly and downwardly from the plate 33 a bracket 43 which has supported thereon an air motor 44 for rotating the body of the apparatus. This motor has pistons aooioai connected to a crank '43 for-rotatingapinion 43 whichengages the gear 33. Since the gear 33 'is stationary any rotation of the pinion 43 will cause the pinion to'travel around thegear and through the bracket 43-will rotate the body or the apps.- ratus upon the climb cylinder. In order to further aid in supporting the plate 33 upon the climb cylinder there is located between the'plste and the cap 32 one or more springs 41. By means of these springs the cap 32 isheld firmly against the. head l3, therebydorming a sealed rotating oint.

Within the body and suitabl attached thereto. -is a seat 43 which has extending downwardly therefrom "a. bracket 43 which engages and supports the seat and the'body on a bracket 3|, ex-

tending upwardly from the plate 33.- The connection between the bracket 3| andthe'bracket 43 is a universal Joint, as' shownin Figure 11'. In normal conditions the body is in ahorizontally supported position but may be easily tilted forward or rocked to one side. In other words, the body may have an elevating movement or a banking movement transmitted thereto by pro-' viding proper means located within-the body.

For the purpose of operating and giving the body its diiferent movements air pressure is provided and a systemof pipes and valves for controlling and directing the air pressure to different cylinders or parts of the body. The valve for controlling the air pressure initially is a master valve 32, located in the front part of the body.

This valve is connected to pipe 23 and through that pipe receives air under pressure from ares? ervoir or tank. This valve has two positions controlled by the handle 33. In one position the air pressure is directed througha pipe 34 to a leveling cylinder 33, the purpose of which and the detail structure of which willbe described later.

When the valve 32 is in its other and second position the air pressure is directed through pipe 33. While the valve is in this position the opdescribed. From the bank valve 3| the air'pres-.

sure is directed by means of pipes 33 and 33 to and from a bank cylinder 31. v

Valve 3!, as shown in Figure 3 min inoperative position. By shifting this valve by means of the rudder member 32 the pipe 33 is put in connection with either pipe 33 or 34 for operating the motor to rotate the plate 33 and therethrough the body. The direction of rotation is. determined by which pipe 33 or 34 is connected with the pipe 33. The arrangement of the parts of valve 3| is such that in one position the air will be directed to one end of the bankcylinder and the air exhausted from the other end. In the reverse position of this valve the air will be directed to the other end and exhausted from the opposite end. The exhausts in connection with this cylinder are indicated by the numerals 33' and 33'. The elevating valve is constructed similarly to-the banking valve and has extending therefrom two pipes 33 and 33, one to one end of an elevating cylinder I3 and the other to the other end thereof. When this valve is in one position air pressure is directed to one-end of the cylinder and allowed to escape from the other, while in the other position the valve directs the air in the opposite direction. The exhaust lines are indicated by the numerals 6 8 and 69'.

The cylinders and valves shown in Figure 3 are located in the body of the apparatus, as particularly shown in Figures 1 and 2. As shown in Figure 1 the elevating cylinder is supported at one end by means of a bracket ll attached to the frame part of the body immediately back of the seat back. One end of thecylinder is attached to this bracket by means of a ball and socket structure I2 so that the cylinder may have a free swinging movement within certain limits. The form of this cylinder is shown in Figure 5 and has a piston I3 therein, which has extending therefrom and out one end of. the cylinder, a piston rod II. For the purpose of connecting the free end of the piston rod to some part of the plate 39 there is provided a bracket 15, extending rearwardly from the plate. This bracket has a ball and socket connection 16 with the free end of the piston rod I4.

It is obvious from an examination of the structure shown in Figure 1 that if air were admitted to the lower end of the cylinder Hi the rear end of the body would be caused to lower, whereas the front end would be raised so that there would be given to the body an elevating effect; whereas if air were admitted to the upper end of the cylinder the opposite action would take place, and there would be a dipping of the front end of the body. This action is controlled'by the elevating valve'62. v

The banking cylinder 61 is constructed in all parts as the elevating cylinder. It has one end attached to the rear of the body by means of a bracket 11, attached suitably to the body. Between the rear end of the banking cylinder and the bracket I! there is a ball and socket connection 18, by which the banking cylinder has a limited amount of free swinging movement. This cylinder has the piston I3 and the piston rod 14, as described in connection with the elevating cylinder. The free end of the piston 18 used in connection with the banking cylinder has a ball and socket joint connection I9, with an arm which is attached to a bracket 8| extending upwardly from the plate 39. This structure is shown in Figures 1 and 2.

The arm 80 is attached to the bracket 8| by means of a ball and'socket connection 89d. Intermediate its ends the arm 80 is bent in the form of an elbow, in which there are brackets 800, to which one end of a link 89a is pivoted. The other end of the link 80a is pivoted at 89b to the under side of the seat or an extension thereon. These parts are thus connected in order to permit the longitudinal oscillation of the body, while they are so connected that an operation of the banking cylinder will cause the body to oscillate from one side to the other.

As shown in Figure 2, if air were admitted to the front end of the banking cylinder the cylinder would be drawn toward the arm 80, thereby tilting the body in one direction, or giving the body a banking movement in one direction, whereas if air were admitted to the other end of the cylinder reverse actions would take place, causing the body to tilt in another direction and having an opposite banking action. I These actions are controlled by means of the banking valve.

Located on the floor of the body in the front end thereof is a rudder member 82, which has extending therefrom a link 83 connected at one end to a lever or arm 84. This lever or arm is connected to the valve 60 which controls the admission of air to the turn motor. The rudder is pivotally located so that by rocking it the valve may be operated for the purposes herein described.

As before stated, the automatic climb valve, which is open during normal operation, is located on the-elevating cylinder, as shown in Figure 1. For the purpose of operating this valve there is provided a link 85 connected by means of an arm 86 to the piston rod 18 of the elevating cylinder. It is obvious from this structure that any extreme movement of the piston rod will cause the valve to shift and this shifting of the valve will cause the air pressure to be exhausted through the pipe 38 from the cylinder so that the cylindrical piston is lowered and with it the body of the apparatus. This action takes place when the elevating position of the body of the apparatus has reached a .limit so that at this point air is exhausted from the climb cylinder and the whole body is lowered, and remains in that position until the body again assumes an intermediate position. The leveling cylinder 55 is attached to the body by means of a bracket 81 and is held in a rigid fixed position with relation to the body by means of this bracket. In this cylinder there is a piston 88 which has extending therefrom a piston rod 89 projecting through one end of the cylinder, and has attached to the free end thereof a cross-head 90.

To each end of the cross-head 90 is attached a chain or cable 9| intermediate its ends. end of one chain passes through a front guide member92, while the other end'passes through a' rear guide member 93. The chain on the other end of the cross-head passes through similar guide members 92' and 93'. The chains passing through the front guide members are attached to the front end of the plate 39, while those passing through the rear guide members are attached to the rear of the plate 39. 7

By means of this cross-head and chain structure whenever air is admitted through pipe 54 to the front end of the leveling cylinder, the piston 88, piston rod 89 and the cross head 9|! are moved rearwardly so that the rear ends of the chains are moved backward, thereby producing a tension on the chains, the other ends of which are attached to the plate 39. The lengths of these chains are so adjusted that whenever the chains are tight the body is brought into a horizontal or resting position, whereas when the body is to be elevated or banked the air is exhausted from the front end of "the leveling cylinder so that the chains are loose, whereby the body may be easily moved. These chains are attached to the plate 39 at points indicated by the numeral 94.

The banking and elevating valves BI and 82 are operated from a common control stick or lever 95, as shown in Figure 1. These parts are so arranged that a proper movement of the stick will direct the air pressure to either the elevating cylinder or to the banking cylinder, whenever the master valve is in the proper one of its two positions.

In Figure '7 there is shown a horizontal section through the cylinders of the turn engine; In this figure there are shown two cylinders, each having a piston 96 and a piston rod 91 extending therefrom through one end of each cylinder. These piston rodshave their other ends attached to a spindle or crank pin 99 on the crank 45. In the present instance the crank is in the form oi a disc mounted on one end of the shaft that carries on its other end the pinion 46 which engages the gear 39. The pistons are pivotally mounted at a point 99 on the support plate I00, which forms a support for the engine as a, whole. For the purpose of operating the engine there is provided for each cylinder an intake ll. There is provided also for each cylinder an exhaust I02. 'I'h'e intakes have a common connection with the pipes 69 and. 64, while the exhausts have a common outlet. In Figure '3 there is shown a pressure regulating valve I03 and a pressure gauge I04. For the purpose of supplying air under pressure to the diilerent parts oi the apparatus, there i s'provided at some suitable point an vair pressuref tank I05. This tank is connected to some 'suitf able air compressor. The air irom this -tank passes through the pipe 9 into the inner cylinder 23, and by pipe 29 into the master valve, where y it is distributed to the different control valves;

This inner cylinder serves two purposes, one to iurnish a constant supply of air to the' elevating mechanism, and second, to form a constant assistance in supporting the weight to prevent wasting air.

In the operationoi the apparatus the valves are to start all in an inoperativeor closed posi-, tion, except the automatic climb valve which is open to the cylinder 4. Air pressure is not admitted to any part oi the apparatus. By movement oi the master valve air may be directed either to the leveling cylinder, bringing the body to a level or condition of equilibrium, or through pipe 59 into pipes 51 and" for producing the various motions desired by operating the difierent valves. when the air pressure is created in pipe 50, by operating the rudder, the pressure is admitted through valve 80 to pipes 00 or 94 and the engine 44 is operated so that the body will rotate around the climb cylinder. At the same time the body is raised and the valves 9! and 02 may be operated to produce a banking eflect or an elevating effect, or bath, and when the extreme tilting positions have been produced, the climb valve 59 is shifted to close the line to the cylinder 4 and the air is exhausted through pipe 34 from the climb cylinder ior the purpose oi lowering the body as a whole. This condition exists until the elevating action is reversed and the automatic climb valve is opened so that the body will again rise.

When the apparatus is in an active condition, owing to the operation oi the various valves, and the user desires to stop the movement oi the 'body, the handle or stick 99 is moved to a neutral position and the mastervalve is operated to cutoii the air irom all oi the valves and direct it to the leveling cylinder. By this means tension is brought upon the cables so that the body is brought to a horizontal position. In order to eflect this it is not necessary even to adjust the handle 99. Since the master valve is placed in position so'that air pressure is directed to the leveling cylinder, air pressure is cut oi! irom all other parts oi the apparatus. o

I desire to comprehend within my invention such modifications as may be clearly embraced within my claims and the scope of my invention.

Having thus iully described my invention, what I claim is new and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is:

' means for raising the seat, and a valve operated by the tilting of the seat for exhausting the air to lower the seat.

3. In an apparatus of the class described, a support, a seat pivotally mounted on said support, a guide member attached to the seat, a cable attached at one end to the support and passing through the guide member, and tensioning means on-the other end oi the cable, whereby the cable may be drawn tight and the seat brought to and maintained in a substantially horizontal position.

4. In an apparatus of the class described, a support, a seat pivotally mounted on said support, a guide member on the front end and on the rear end of saids'eat, a cable extending through each guide member and attached at one end to the support, and tensioning means attached to [the other ends oi said cables, whereby the cables may be tightened and the seat brought to and I maintained in a substantially horizontal position. 5. In an appa'ratusoi the class described, in

combination with a source of air pressure, a support, a seat pivotally mounted on said support, I

air pressure operated means for tilting the seat support, a cylinder attached at one end to said body, a piston and piston rod in said cylinder, one

endoi said rod being attached to the support,

means to control the admission oi air pressure irom said source to said cylinder to tilt the body,

and means to bring the body'irom a tilted to a substantially horizontal position, said last means including a cylinder having an air connection with said source and attached to the body, a piston and piston rod in said last-named cylinder connected to the support, and a valve tocontrol the connection between the source oi air and the last-named cylinder.- r

class described, in I combination with a source oi air pressure, a sup-' port, a body member pivotally mountedon said,

pressure 7. In an apparatus oi the class described.,-in'i" combination with a source oi air pressure, a support, a body member pivotally supported ,by said support, a pair oi cylindersattached to said body member. a piston and piston rod ior' each cylin- -der, each piston being connected to said support,

means ior the admission oi air pressure fromsaid rods to lower the body vertically.

8. In an apparatus oi the class described,in combination with a source oi air pressure, a cylinder having a connection with said source, a piston in said cylinder, a body memberpivotally supported by said piston, a second cylinder pivoted to said body and having a connection with said source, a piston and piston rod in said second cylinder and pivotally connected to theiirst piston, means in the second connection to admit air pressure to the second cylinder to tilt the body, and a valve in the first connection supported by the second cylinder-and operated by the second piston rod to discharge air pressure from the lust cylinder to lower the body vertically.

9. In an apparatus of the class described, in combination with a source of air pressure, 3, cylinder, a piston in said cylinder, a body member supported by said piston, a master valve in said body member, an air pressure connection between said source and said valve, an airpressure connection between said master valve and said cylinder, and a valve in said last connection operated by the tilting of the body to discharge air pressure from the cylinder to lower the body vertically.

10. In an apparatus of the class described, in

combination with a source of air pressure, a cyl-' inder, a. piston in said cylinder, a body member supported by said piston, a valve in said body' member, an air pressure connection leadingfrom said source through the cylinder and'the piston to the valve. and a second'air pressure connection leading from the valve through the piston to admit air pressure to the cylinder below the piston to move the body bodily.

11. In an apparatus of the class described, in combination with a source of air pressure, :5. cylinder, a piston' in said cylinder, a body member pivotally supported by said piston, a valve in said body member, an air pressure connection leading from said source through the cylinder and piston to the valve, a second air pressure connection leading from the valve through the piston to admit air pressure to the cylinder below the piston to move the body; bodily, and means to tilt the body and operate the valve to discharge air pressure from the cylinder. I

12. In an apparatus of the class described, in combination with a source of air pressure, a cylinder, apiston in said cylinder, a support member rotatably supported on said piston, air pressure means supported by said member and engaging the piston torotate the support member, a body member pivotally supported on said support member, air pressure operated means for tilting the body, and means to control the admission of air, pressure from said source to both of said means.

13., In an apparatus of the class described, in

combination with a source of air pressure, a cy1in-- der, a piston having a gear thereon in said cylinder, a plate rotatably supported on said piston, and air motor operatively connected to said source and supported by said plate, a pinion operated by said motor and inmesh with the gear for rotating the pate, a body member pivotally supported on said plate, a cylinder attached to said body member, a piston and piston rod in said cylinder, a

pivotal connection between said piston rod and the plate, and means for supplying air pressure to the cylinder to tilt the body.

-14. In an apparatus of the class described, in combination with a source of air pressure, a cylinder, a piston having a gear thereon in said cylinder, 9. plate member rotatably mounted on said piston, an air motor operatively connected to said source and supported by said plate member in operative engagement with the gear for rotating the plate, a body member pivotally supported on said plate membenmeans on the body connected to the plate for tilting the body, and means operated by said means for moving the body member from a tilted to a substantially horizontal position and maintaining said position.

15. In an apparatus of the class described, in combination with a source of air pressure, a cylinder, a. piston having a gear thereon in said cylinder, a plate member rotatably mounted on said piston, an air motor operatively connected to said course and supported by said plate member in operative engagement with the gear for rotating the plate, a body member pivotally supported on said plate member, means on the body connected to the plate for tilting the body, and air pressure operated means operated by said means for mov-' ing the body member from a tilted to a substantially horizontal position and maintaining said position.

16. In an apparatus of the class described, in combination with a source of air pressure, a cylinder, a piston having a gear thereon in said cylinder, a plate member rotatably mounted on said piston, an air motor operatively connected to said sourceand supported by said plate member in operative engagement with the gear for rotating the plate, a. body member pivotally supported on said plate member.- air pressure operated meanson the body connected to the plate for tilting the body, and means operated by said means for moving the body member from a tilted to a substantially horizontal position and maintaining said position.

1'7. In an apparatus or the class described, in combination with a source of air pressure, a cylinder, a. piston having a gear thereon in said cylinder, a plate member rotatably mounted on said piston, an air motor operatively connected to said source and supported by said plate member in operative engagement with the gear for rotating the plate, a body member pivotally supported on said plate member, air pressure operated means on the body connected to the plate for tilting the bodtaand air pressure operated means operated 1 combination with a source of air pressure, a cylinder, a piston in said cylinder, a body member supported on said piston for rotation and lateral and longitudinal tilting, an air operated means for rotating the body member, a pair of air-operated means for tilting the body member, air operated means for bringing the body from a tilted position to a horizontal one, air operated means for raising the body, a two position master valve on the body, an air connection leading from said source through the piston and the cylinder to said valve, an air connection between said valve and the horizontaling means, another air connection leading from said valve having one branch leading through the pistonto the cylinder, an automatic valve in said last connection. and another branch having other branches leading to the tilting means and the rotating means and valves in the branches for controlling the admission of air to the tilting means and the rotating means when the master valve is in one position, said leveling means being operated when said master valve is in the other position,

19. In an apparatus of the class described, in combination with a source or air pressure, a cylinder, a piston in said cylinder, abody member supported on said piston for rotation and lateral and longitudinal tilting, an air operated means for rotating the body member, a pair of air operated means for tilting the body member, air operated means for bringing the body from a tilting position to a horizontal one, air opera-ted means for raising the body, a two position master valve on the body, an air connection leading from said source through the piston and the cylinder to saidvalve, an air connection between said valve and valve is in the other position, said automatic valve being operated by one of the tilting means. 20. In combination, a fuselage, a source of air pressure, means to raise and lower said fuselage operated by the air pressure, means to rotate the fuselagein a position of elevation operated by the air pressure, and means to bank and tilt fore and aft the fuselage by said air pressure.

21. In combination, a. fuselage, a source of air pressure, means to raise and lower said fuselage operated by the air pressure, means to rotate the fuselage in a position of elevation operated by the air pressure, means to bank and tilt fore and aft the fuselage by said air pressure,' and means interconnected with the air operated tilting means for controlling the elevation of the fuselage according to the tilting thereof.

, 22. In combination, afuselage, a source of air pressure, means to raise and lower said fuselage operated by the air pressure, means to rotate the .fuselage in a position of elevation operated by the air pressure; means to bank and tilt fore and aft the fuselage by said air pressure, means interconnected with the air-operated tilting means for controlling the elevation of the fuselage according to the tilting thereof, hand-operated means for controlling the banking, tilting and elevation, and foot-operated means for controlling the rotation of the fuselage.

, 23. In combination, a fuselage, a source -of air pressure, means to raise and lower said fuselagebperated by the air pressure, means to rotate the fuselage in a position of elevation operated by the air pressure, means to bank and tilt fore and sit the fuselage by said air pressure, means interconnected with the air-operated tilting means for controlling the elevation of the fuselage according to the tilting thereof, hand-operated means for controlling the banking, tilt- .ing and elevation, foot-operated means for controlling the rotation of the fuselage, and means to render the elevating, tilting and banking means inoperative and to render a leveling means operative by said source of air supply, and a leveling means operated thereby connecting said fuselage and its support.

24. In combination. a raising and lowering means, a fuselage thereon for universal j movement and for rotation thereon at the same time, means controllable from the fuselage for determining the degree of universal movement of the fuselage and its elevation, and the degree of rotation of the fuselage.

25. In combination.- a raising and lowering means, a fuselage mounted thereon for universal movement and for rotation thereon at the same time, means controllable from the fuselage for determining the degree of universal movement of the fuselage and its elevation and the degree of rotation of the fuselage, and means for automatically determining the elevation of the fusela'ge according to the degree of its universal movement in certain directions.

26. In combination, a raising and lowering means, a fuselage mounted thereon for universal movement and for rotation thereon atthe same time, means controllable from the fuselage for determining the degree of universal movement of the fuselage and its elevation and the degree of rotation of the fuselage, and means to restore the fuselage to its lowered normal horizontal in- I operative position.

27. In combination, a fuselage, an elevating and lowering air cylinder, a tilting air cylinder,

and means for controlling theapplication of air to the raising and lowering cylinderaccording to the degree of tilt impartedbyjthetiltingcylinder, 28. In combination, a fuselage, anair-operated raising and lowering cylinder, an jairoperated fore and aft tilting cylinder, aivalve'for jthe tilting cylinder and a valve for the raising and; lowering cylinder interconnected with thetilting" 1' I cylinder, and means for admitting air to. said" cylinders comprising a control valve for the tilting cylinder whereby excessive movement of the (tilt ing cylinder will modify the application of the air to the elevating cylinder change its op- I eration. I

29. In an apparatus of the class described, in combination with a head, a support for the head comprising members'telescoping one within another, an air passage through the support and the head and back through the, support, and means cooperating with said members, to move the head.

combination with a head, a support for, the head comprising members telescoping one within 'an- 30. In an apparatus of the class, described, in

other, an air passagewaythroughjthe support comprising telescoping members, andan air pas-' sageway leading into said support through the first-named passageway, through the through one of the first-named members to extend the first-named members and'move 'the j' 31. In an apparatus of the class described, in"

head.

combination with a head, a support therefor com-' raise the head. v 3 2. In an apparatus of the class described; in

combination witha head, a support therefor, com-J prising a cylinder closedat one end "and having an air inlet, a cylindrical piston insaid cylinder for supporting said head, anda telescopic air passageway attached to the 'head'and'to the end of the cylinder around the air inlet'and means for conducting -air from way to the cylinder.

33. In an apparatus of'the class described, a

pair of concentrically arranged cylinders, a 010- the air passagesure for one end of eachcylinder having an air inlet leading into the inner cylinder, a head having an air passageway'ther'ein, a pipe having one end in said passageway and extending into the inner cylinder, a piston member on the other end of said pipe and engaging the walls of the inner cylinder, said piston having an air passageway I therein to receive air from theinlet, a cylindrical piston for supporting said head extending into the outer cylinder, a piston head on said piston closely engaging both of said cylinders, and means to admit air into the cylinders to raise the head.

LEVI'I'I L. CUS'I'ER. 

